BUSCOM wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUSCOM wk2 - Essay Example In particular, in a profoundly different society in the current time of fast globalization and propelling innovation, viable correspondence turns into the major empowering component of advancing diverse comprehension and settling clashes genially. Subsequently, inside the more extensive extent of human cooperation, the different methods of verbal and non-verbal correspondence encourage advancement of commonly gainful bonds. The decisive or non-verbal correspondence particularly, turns out to be profoundly relevant as it can make misjudging or resolve contrasts between two individuals to manufacture durable affiliation. The non-verbal configurations of correspondence are significant components that send basic message to speaker just as to the audience. Sender and beneficiary both are keys to expressive correspondence. These messages are sent through non-verbal communication versus signals, conduct, manner of speaking that is utilized in discussion, physical appearance and clothing sta ndard and so forth. They are significant components to disperse basic data like truthfulness, cognizance, certainty and uprightness of the people (Guirdham, 2002). Outward appearances unequivocally send messages of individual feelings. They reflect positive or negative estimations of the sender or recipient when messages are sent or recognized. Various implications are appended to bunch outward appearances. A grin shows cheerful aura while frown shows dislike. These can likewise convey diverse message to various societies. Negative articulations will in general ruin relations and make enmity. Smile is another outward appearance with vague message that may pass on cheerful state, intrigue or even reflect self-importance. However, generally, grin communicates positive inclination because of discovering something entertaining in the imparted message. It is along these lines interpreted as positive correspondence. I make an effort not to scowl in any event, when something doesn't satisf y me as it would unfavorably affect social or expert relationship. To be sure, outward appearances are basic factors that convey regularly convey various messages in various societies. In Arabic culture, an excessive amount of grinning reflects shallowness. Non-verbal communication is imperative methods for communicating dispositions and mentality of people. Slumped act or squirming regularly demonstrates uneasiness while upstanding position shows certainty. Eye to eye connection uncovers that individual would be straightforward in his correspondence and shows certainty on his insight into the subject which he/she accepts can be plainly conveyed. Then again, if an individual is either looking down or centering somewhere else, he is either ailing in certainty or he has not been straightforward. All things considered, his verbal correspondence would be less compelling and would not advance trust. Listening eagerly is likewise essential part of no-verbal correspondence that creates sha red trust and certainty. In proficient field, it fills in as significant device for consoling partners and colleagues or subordinates that their view focuses are being tuned in to. In an office, listening eagerly to the issues of others assists with sifting through it early and encourages in making a situation of shared learning and common regard. Another noteworthy configuration of decisive correspondence is the tone of the voice while trading messages or data. The tone of the individual is incredible asset that can send solid positive or negative feelings. At the point when one is

Kimberly clark case study free essay sample

Why are significant organization, as Kimberly-Clark, pushing toward connections in which the provider chiefs stock levels at the retailer? 2. When ought to Kimberly-Clark handles its calculated needs in-house, and when should outer source be utilized? 3. What different sorts of business associations that Kimberly-Clark can be utilized to improve flexibly chain execution? 4. Will weight, for example, in the Kimberly-Clark case be utilized to Kimberly-Clark’s advantage? Generally, the retailer handles the recharging procedure, and the provider has no reasonable data on the interest side or guidance ahead of time about unavailable circumstance. Subsequently, the provider will in general keep up a specific degree of wellbeing stocks as a cushion so as to encourage deals and the client would likewise keep some security stocks if there should arise an occurrence of none-gracefully that causes long flexibly chain and absences of adaptability. Through provider oversaw stock projects, providers become more acquainted with the real gracefully and request and in this manner can send better calculated designs to reaction the fluctuating business sector circumstance. We will compose a custom paper test on Kimberly clark contextual investigation or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Cross Media Optimization Study (XMOS) The XMOS study responds to the inquiry â€Å"What is the ideal media blend to accomplish marketingâ goals? † Marketers and publicizing offices would now be able to start to comprehend which promoting vehicles, at what recurrence, ideally bolster crusade targets. Utilizing an examination system supported by the Advertising Research Foundation and perceived by ESOMAR (European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research), the XMOS study estimates internet publicizing close by disconnected promoting to decide the ideal blend and weight of every medium. The Campaign Kimberly-Clark presented the Kleenex Soft Pack with TV, print, and on the web. Publicizing. The target of the crusade: fabricate mindfulness and drive preliminary. The objective: beforehand difficult to-arrive at purchasers. The Challenge Kimberly-Clark needed to gauge the capacity of web based publicizing to arrive at sections of their objective market that their TV and print advertisements simply were not covering. How They Did It The organization dispensed 75% of its general promoting dollars to TV, 23% to print, and 2% to on the web. At that point they dissected each medium’s viability in boosting helped brand mindfulness, brand picture, buy expectation. Furthermore, packaged preliminary goal. What They Found Online supplements disconnected promoting and conveys the 42% of the crowd that is just softly reached or not came to at all by TV. The cooperative energy of magazine and internet publicizing was the best blend for contacting this crowd and boosting significant key measurements including supported brand mindfulness, brand picture, packaged path expectation and buy aim. As an indispensable piece of the general media blend: †¢ Online publicizing might convey 26% of the targ

40 PowerPoint Tips Every Marketer Needs To Know

40 PowerPoint Tips Every Marketer Needs To Know Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!40 PowerPoint Tips Every Marketer Needs To KnowUpdated On 19/02/2020Author : HBB Guest AuthorTopic : MarketingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2snIkpC CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogDoes anyone know the reason why Powerpoint boomed ferociously in mid-2017?Did marketing crowd start making more presentations? Don’t you think that all this fuss about PP presentations is a bubble that is about to pop?Who else but Google can know if this is true, let’s see what Google trends can show us.Over the period of the last 5 years, there doesn’t seem to be any rapid popularity increase like this one.Anyways, the Powerpoint fuss is all around us, and even those guys who have never used it before seem to be trying to ride the popularity wave.In view of the fact that I mix in with the marketers crowd who are making various presentations using the so popular Powerpoint, it turns out that 60% of those speakers aren’t able to make a decent presentation.10% out of those 60, make me feel like“Why didn’t he google a tutorial or something?”Source GiphySo this piece of writing is for you, my friends, who ride the Powerpoint popularity wave but can’t make a decent presentation. And it feels like this is on a global scale.In case you know someone fitting this profile, please share with them the link to this page, thank you.Let’s get to the juice.The Signs of an Effective PresentationPrepared to Win: Researched, planned, and prepared professionally so you can deliver the right message to your target audience effectively.Designed Correctly: With points that are illustrated, and visually stand-out, without overwhelming your audience or unnecessarily complicating your message.Practiced to Perfection: Rehearsed and timed so your points land as practiced with your live audience.Delivered With Poise: Presented with a relaxed inner-calm and confident outward project ion, while communicating warmth, excitement, and energy.Free From Mistakes: Devoid of cheesy clipart, nonessential flashiness, miscues like reading directly from promoters, and other easy to avoid problems.Now I would like to share with you 40 something tips on how to create a Powerpoint presentation, which I’ve learned the hard way.Basic Presentation TipsThe first presentation I made publicly reminds of the way I learned to drive a car.My first ride made me sweat so hard that after my first driving lesson instructor had to wait until the seat back dries out, later we laughed really hard remembering this case.Here come the first tips, and let’s begins with some basic don’ts.1. Don’t sweatWhen you come to face the public all sweaty, as if you just ran a marathon, people will already hate you, because no one likes watching sweaty guys, even if your presentation rocks.2. Don’t readWho wrote the speech for you? You, or someone else? It doesn’t matter because if you’re goin g to read from a sheet of paper you’re about to make it extremely monotonous, and your listeners will start yawning 40 seconds after you read the first line.3. Don’t sitThe only man who can sit while making a presentation is Stephen Hawking. If it’s not your name why are you sitting then?5. Don’t talk with your handsIf you are an Italian you can pass to the tip #6, everyone else holds still.Let’s start with an interesting fact. In her study behavioral researcher, Vanessa Van Edwards compared the most popular versus the least popular TED speakers in terms of their gesture use.The results are quite surprising.During the 18-minute talk, the least popular TED Talkers used an average of 272 hand gestures. The most popular ones used around 465 hand gesturesâ€"that’s almost twice as more! This doesn’t mean that you should dance hokey pokey in front of your listeners, just try to make gestures authentic.Preparation of the Presentation6. Make sure you’re good at your subjectN ow imagine this situation, you were made to prepare some presentation that is not your purview. You’ve asked someone good at your topic write a speech and make a presentation. But when you start it, it will be a complete failure because the first question from the audience will let them know that your knowledge of the subject equals zero.7. Write the speech on your ownWho else but you knows your subject matters. Writing something can be really hard especially when you have a creative block that makes you want to do something like this.Illustration by @crispegramThey say “Writing a small text a day keeps the creative block away” even if you’re not a copywriter but a marketer, developer, or anyone else you CAN and SHOULD write.The writing process makes your brain work harder thus keeping it fit. When you have enough writing practice you can write the whole speech of your presentation in “one bite”.“Writing a small text a day keeps the creative block away.”8. Talk only about important thingsSome people start their presentation describing the background which routes back to the Roman Empire If it turns out that there’s not much you’ve got to say, you’d better keep it short than talk about things non-related to your presentation.9. Think about your audienceWho are the people you age going to make a presentation to? Make sure you understand who are these guys. Never talk about things not related to them, making them yawn from the first minutes of your speech is not a good thing, unless your presentation is about yawning.Writing Your Speech10. Making a researchNo matter how good you’re at some topic you MUST make a research. The research stage will not only help you write a decent speech but will also help you find additional information or facts that will make your presentation a lot more trustworthy.11. Write a lead sentenceThe lead sentence should:Grab the attention of your listeners.Establish the tone and the mood of your presentation.Set the main idea and motion.That’s why never start a presentation like this: Hey! I’m Billand I’m an accountant..ehmmanager. And I’m gonna talk aboutehmdigits (crickets chirping).Next moment 75% of your listeners will take their phones out and will start scrolling their Instagram feeds.12. Writing the first draftDid your stomach just take a dive? No worries all we need right now is some groundwork, no perfection is required here. The first draft will serve as a foundation for your final speech, making a few revisions of your draft #1 is essential. Imagine you’re trying to explain your subject to a friend while you were having a beer, or two, just start writing.13. Don’t forget that your presentation is a story and it means thatit should have a structure of a story, i.e. the plot and the setting.Since everyone these days is crazy about storytelling you can start your presentation with a short (a very short) story that somehow relates to your subject, if you don’t know stor ies, use someone else’s. This is what storytelling is all about, you’re supposed to tell stories even if they are not yours.14. When reaching the end of the draftJust like in any other story the end of your speech should be not just a summary of what you have said, but a resolution of the problems or issues you have depicted.Designing Your Presentation15. Clean VS ClutteredFor some reason, certain individuals think that adding lots of visuals to the slides of their presentation will make it look awesome. Probably they are thinking that audience will perceive it as a super researched, or a super important one. As a rule the effect is quite opposite, people hate cluttered slides, and what’s more important they hate them!READ14 Most Annoying Buzzwords in Marketing16. Reduce the wording on your slidesJust like the one above, there should be no more than 20-25 words on every slide, otherwise, your presentation will look crammed and non-attractive.17. Use listsDon’t forget to arra nge your texts into sleek lists, they are perceived much easier than full-length sentences.18. Choose the right fontRegarding the fonts, there’s a thing you need to know about. There are several categories of fonts, most widely used ones are Serif and Sans Serif fonts. For presentation like yours, Serif Fonts are not recommended because all those tiny elements i.e. serifs can disappear or become too blurry due to the brightness and resolution of an image on a projection screen. So you can freely take a font like Gill Sans or PT Sans and use it for your presentation.19. The choice of colorsImagine your presentation is made with these color, how will your audience react to this palette? Their eyes will literally start bleeding. When you’re choosing the colors you can either pick your corporate colors or stick to some nice palette that you can generate using a tool like colormind.io.This color scheme generator provides you with unlimited color palettes, so you can literally click f orever trying to find the one.20. Choice of imagesAnother weak spot is the images, for some reason certain individuals choose cheezy clipart that looks like crap. Even though there’s a huge number of website where one can get amazing free stock images for commercial use, some guys tend to choose awful stocks. Here’s a short list of websites where you can get amazing photographs for free.UnsplashRealistic ShotsPixabayLife of Pix21. Don’t overuse memesThere’s a lot of people who love memes, and the same number of those who hate them. Here you need to keep up to the middle ground and have no more than two memes for a whole number of slides.22. Don’t make them seasickThose days when people were not fed up with CSS effects, the ones offered by Powerpoint seemed to be quite cool. But these days all those fade-ins, flips, fly-ins, wipes and so on, look really strange. Make sure your presentation is clean and doesn’t have all those transitions.23. Use charts, graphs, infographic sThere’s a number of scientifically backed reasons why we love graphics and visuals.No matter what you say, if back it up with a chart you will sound more persuasive.Charts are easier to recall than words.Color visuals increase willingness to read and listen by 80%.Apply the 10/20/30 rule of PowerpointGuy Kawasaki introduced his 10/20/30 rule of Powerpoint. The essence is quite simple 10 slides, 20 minutes, 30-point font. That’s it.25. Making sexy slidesIn case you don’t have a design background and you’ve never created visuals of any sort, you can steal like an artist. Feel free to visit places like Dribbble or Behance where you can get some ideas how to present information in a sexy manner.26. Using the blank templateStill, you can opt for minimalism and stick to the blank Powerpoint document, but this promises nothing in terms if sexiness.27. Opting for the premium themeAlong with blank document, there’s a choice of premium Powerpoint templates you can use to arrange an y information using a set of predefined slides. Here’re few examples.Pitch Deck template 230 slidesBusiness Plan Powerpoint presentation 200 slidesBusiness Infographic Powerpoint template 5628 slide variationsAll these templates are in $20-23 price range, it’s not a big cost for such a vast array of slides.The Day Before the Presentation28. The rehearsalEven though you may consider yourself an awesome public speaker you need to rehearse your speech. I’m serious right now, or you need to read your speech aloud. This will help you to understand if it needs to be improved or it’s good to go.29. Speaking publicly “Take 1. Episode 1”This is another thing that may seem funny to you, ask your wife to take the role of your audience and speak “publicly” to her.30. Speaking publicly “Take 2. Episode 1”Open your camera app on your smartphone and make a video recording of your speech. This is another thing that will help you improve your speech or presentation in general, a video may help you find any flaws in your acting or speech.31. Keep an eye on your watchDon’t forget the rule 10/20/30, you have only 20 minutes for your presentation, otherwise, your listeners will get bored and will no longer perceive your information.32. Make pauses while you’re talkingEven though you have around 20 minutes for your speech this doesn’t mean that you should talk really fast, keep to the middle pace and make logical pauses when needed.33. Watch their reactionYour listeners will definitely react to your speech, which is why you need to keep an eye on your audience watching their reactions.34. Interact with your listenersIn case something goes wrong you need to have a backup plan, some sort of a game that can increase interaction between you and your listeners or a funny story that somehow relates to the topic of your speech.35. Record yourself, just for lolsAsk someone to record your speech for your home video archive, later you can watch it and cry.36. Cho ose focal points in the crowdJust as in any other “crowd” among your audience there will be some strong personalities like your bosses or some other influential guys. Make sure that you focus your eyes on them, this will make them feel as if you’re making this presentation for them.Your Presentation Starts in 5 Minutes37. Don’t panicIf you started panicking here’s what you can do to stay calm:Use deep breathing.Recognize that youre panicking.Close your eyes.Find a focus object.Use muscle relaxation techniques.Picture your happy place.38. Don’t forget your notecards3 minutesWhere are your notecards?39. Stop sweating like a pig!2 minutesYou’re panicking again and getting all sweaty, repeat step #37.40. Knock ‘em dead!30 secondsYou’re awesome, you’re good at what you do. Go get em, tigerOver to YouSince I’ve been a speaker few times I know what it feels like making a presentation, this is why I tried to be as detailed as it’s possible. I hope you enjoyed this pi ece. Don’t forget to share it with your friends.

Hyundais Ad Analysis - 1666 Words

The modern human being’s life is continuously flooded by advertising. Ads surround society in everything a person does, from watching television to listening to the radio, or even walking down the street. These advertisements range from celebrity promotions to home goods products and everything in between, all for the sake of convincing people to pick their product over another competitors product.When a deeper look is taken at these advertisements, one will find that they are not merely just selling a car or a box of cereal. In actuality, companies along with their product, are trying subtlely to sell cultural stereotypes, beliefs and trends. Within their advertisement, Hyundai effectively uses graphics, language and argument to†¦show more content†¦Hyundai not only focuses on where their ad will be placed but they also focus on who their audience will be. Sports Illustrated reaches the particular audience of male sports fans, of which most can be placed into the upp er and middle social classes. For the purpose of this advertisement, Hyundai specifically targeted football fans, especially NFL fans. Since the majority of the subscribers are in the upper and middle class, due to their ability to afford the expense of the magazine, they are able to spend their money on more luxurious items such as a car. Therefore, a car advertisement is reasonable considering the audience s demographics. Considering the readers interests and social class Hyundai’s placement of their advertisement in Sports Illustrated has rational because of its placement and its ability to connect with a certain audience. To sell a product companies will use certain colors to evoke particular emotions from their targeted audience. Hyundai’s uses different shades of grey and black throughout their advertisement, including a black model of the car and a grey and black sky.When used in advertising, black normally represents sophistication or luxury, while grey is typically a neutral or calm color (Ciotti). Therefore, the color black will make readers more likely to interpret the 2012 Hyundai Genesis R-Spec as a luxurious and sophisticated car. The incorporation of greyShow MoreRelatedFear and Sex Appeal of Advertising810 Words   |  3 Pagesdress lifting up her arms and looking seductively at the camera. The deodorant commercial suggests to the targeted woman consumer that she wants to be desirable, which means selecting a deodorant that does not leave heavy build-up under the arms. The ad suggests that beauty is the important concern for women, and women should want to seem sexy like the image of the woman in the photograph; it also encourages them to monitor themselves to ensure that their personal upkeep meets social norms. TheRead MoreAs An Audience That Enjoys Media Entertainment, We Find1205 Words   |  5 Pagesbigger picture by analyzing what message the composer is attempting to persuade to the public. As I reflect on these commercials, I want to understand what is being communicated to me to persuade me to act to buy a product. To understand the rhetoric analysis of Super Bowl commercials, I will look at what the intended message to be delivered is, who the target audience is, and what assumptions I make of the commercial. To illustrate, I analyzed the commercial, First Date, a 60-second commercial HyundaiRead MoreHyundai Vietnam Strategy2998 Words   |  12 Pagesits employees an environment that is driven to achieve employee competitiveness, growth and success. This report contains competitive analysis, value chain presence and SWOT Analysis for the company as well as providing strategies for the company for the next 3-5 years to impulse the development of business in Vietnam. 2. SWOT analysis * Internal analysis * Strengths: * The worldwide sales increased 36.6% in 07/2009 over the same period last year brought the groups biggest car HyundaiRead MoreEvaluating Social Media Marketing5046 Words   |  21 Pagesmarketing for business entrepreneurs. For example, the below table as provided by (Pratt, 2009) revealed some top barriers as relate to calculating the return on investment (RO1) of social media: 1 Lack of dedicated resources to do the measurement and analysis 30% 2 Don’t know what to measure 25% 3 Social media isn’t primarily about RO1 20% 4 Lack of tools 14% In order to have a well established business and stay competitive in the social media industry as shown in the above table requires a goodRead MoreHr Policies in Automobile Sector4783 Words   |  20 Pagesnot considered * Candidates who are interviewed in the previous six months are not considered Recruitment Techniques: * Employee Referral - Internees * In house Hiring - Re-hiring * Colleges - Ads on Newspapers - Internet Hiring PROCESS Hyundai’s recruitment process is built on a strong foundation to be transparent, objective and to hunt for the right fit. Application/ Submission of Profile | If you find your candidature perfectly fitting their requirementRead MoreHyundai Motors Crm Point5032 Words   |  21 PagesRamp;D facilty in Hyderabad Andhra pradesh , employing now nearly 450 engineers from different parts of the country.Basically the Hyundai Motors India Engineering (HMIE) gives technical support in Vehicle development and CAD amp; CAE support to Hyundais main Ramp;D center in Namyang Korea Model lineup * Pony * Atos/Atoz/Santro * Click/Getz/Getz Prime/TB * Accent * Verna/Accent * Sonata/i45 * Stellar * Elantra/Avante/Latria * i10 * i20 * i30/i30cw/Elantra TouringRead MoreStrategic Planning : Kia Motors Corporation3217 Words   |  13 Pagesrecognition, using slogans for the same, competitive pricings, sponsorship events, etc. Marketing Audit Strategy in this case would to be on analyzing regions for customer preferences, performing PESTLE analysis for determining market forces affecting the business, performing internal resource analysis, analysing competitors standing in the market and business tactics, etc. Plan to implement this strategy would be to review data from surveys, review data-mining reports, performing surprise internalRead MoreHow Organizations Use Branding Theory And Practice2676 Words   |  11 Pagestheir game as recent developments pose new challenges for marketers. The savvy consumer knows more than ever, there are new sources for consumer information like review websites (TripAdvisor) and influential blogs (The Sartorialist), fashion magazines, ads, celebrities, or parents to mention a few. The flow of information can also be seen as an opportunity as an empowered consumer may play an active role in promoting the brand. There are unexpected economic downturns like the 2008 financial meltdown thatRea d MoreFour Wheeler Industry in India13140 Words   |  53 PagesEurope to enter the Indian market mainly through joint ventures with Indian firms. This paper presents an introduction to the automotive scenario in India, the key players in the Indian automotive industry, a summary of the recent developments, an analysis of the opportunities and challenges facing the various players (Indian and multi-national assemblers and manufacturers) in the areas of, production, and sales, domestic consumption, exports and contribution to labor employment. It also aims to elucidateRead MoreAuto Industry Analysis in Pakistan8638 Words   |  35 PagesAutomobile Industry and the Allied industries o Workshops o Spare parts markets ïÆ'Ëœ Impact on economy ïÆ'Ëœ Contribution to the GDP ïÆ'Ëœ Impacts o Positive impacts ï‚ § Economic impacts ï‚ § Social impacts o Negative impacts ï‚ § Economic impacts ï‚ § Social impacts ïÆ'Ëœ SWOT Analysis ïÆ'Ëœ Conclusion ïÆ'Ëœ Bibliography Introduction Since ages man is trying hard to cover the distances between different places in the shortest possible time. In order to fulfill this dream man invented the automobile and within years the automobiles became

The Trail Of Tears The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation

Most Americans have at least some vague understanding of the Trail of Tears, but not many know about the events that led to that tragic removal of thousands of Indians from their homeland. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government. The Indians had to agree to removal to maintain their tribe identities. Trail of Tears is an excellent example of a particular situation and will be eye opening to those who are not familiar with the story of the southern tribes and their interactions with the rapidly growing American population. The Trail of Tears has become the symbol in American history that indicates the callousness, insensitivity, and cruelty of American government toward American Indians in 1839 and 1839. The book The Trail of Tears: The Rise and fall of the Cherokee Nation, by John Ehle displays the full history of a Native American democratic state, which is the Cherokee Nation. Like the United States, it was born in bloodshed and war, but instead of continuing to last, it grew for only a few years and then was destroyed by President Andrew Jackson and the government of the state of Georgia. Ehle includes a great deal of primary sources, such as journals, military orders, letters, etc., that serve to enrich the story. In Trail of Tears, John Ehle introduces the people and events that led to the Trail of Tears, and the removal of the Cherokee Nation to Indian Territory. In the â€Å"Indian Territory† the Indians were promised that whitesShow MoreRelatedThe Trail Of Tears : The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation1106 Words   |  5 PagesMost Americans have at least some vague image of the Trail of Tears, but not very many know of the events that led to that tragic removal of several thousand Indians from their homeland. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government, and Indians had to agree to removal to preserve their identity as tribes. Trail of Tears is an excellent snapshot of a particular situation and will be eye opening to those who are not familiar with the story of the southern tribes and theirRead MoreTrail of Tears: Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation by John Ehle1049 Words   |  5 PagesUS History to 1877 Trail of Tears: Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation by John Ehle Having little knowledge of the Cherokee removal and the history that took place in this moment in America’s past, the book Trail of Tears: Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation by John Ehle, offers an insight to the politics, social dynamics and class struggles the Cherokee Nation faced in the late 1830s. The book was very comprehensive and the scope of the book covers nearly 100 years of Native American HistoryRead MoreBook Review for Trail of Tears: the Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation by John Ehle822 Words   |  4 PagesINED 411 Book Review Trail of Tears The authors’ name of the book called Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation is John Ehle. Trail of Tears was published in the United States by Anchor Books, a division of random house, New York and in Canada. This book was published in September 22, 1989. This book has 424 pages. John Ehle is more than qualified to write on this subject. He has wrote over seventeen books, his first book was published in 1957 so he has over 30 yearsRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears By James Collins1452 Words   |  6 PagesDonald West History 201 December 1, 2015 TRAIL OF TEARS The trail of tears is also referred to as the period of Indian s removal. It was a period where Native Americans in the U.S were forcefully relocated following the removal of Indian Removal Act of 1830. Those who were forcibly moved were from Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, and Chickasaw and Choctaw nations in the southern U.S, an area initially referred to as the Indian Territory. Migration from Cherokee nation had begun in the early 1800’s whereRead MoreIndian Betrayal Essay example1211 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerning the American Indian that are filled with betrayal, but there is probably none more cruel and shameful as the removal of the Cherokee Indians in 1838. Blood thirsty for money and property, the white settlers would soon use dirty methods to drive the Cherokee out of their home- lands. The United States government played a critical role in the removal of the Cherokee. â€Å"Soon the state governments insisted on the removal of the native peoples, who were alrea dy out numbered by the white settlersRead MoreThe Way the Cherokee Have Lived Through Good and Bad Times Essay3030 Words   |  13 Pages Way The Cherokee have live through good time and some bad time The American Indian History of the United States is always associated with the Cherokee Indian nation. The Cherokees were by far the largest and most advanced of the tribes. This man was Hernando de Soto was the first European explorer to come into contact with the Cherokees, when he arrived in their territory in 1540. Then he went and came in contact with Native Americans Cherokees since many of their ways and customsRead MoreIndian Removal Research Paper : Eric Powell1899 Words   |  8 Pagesof Indian culture with diminutive weal. The Nation known today as the United States of America has a foundational structure built on beliefs and forms of government that derived from Native American culture; so extinguishing Indians from existence is nonsensical. Although it did not happen overnight the removal of the American Indians from the eastern tribes was forced upon them because of greed, and caused extreme suffering for the Indians. The Cherokee had developed an economic system long beforeRead MoreEssay on Southeastern Native American Literature1215 Words   |  5 PagesStates is deeply rooted in the oral traditions of the various tribes that have historically called that region home. While the tribes most integrally associated with the Southeastern U.S. in the American popular mind--the FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)--were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) from their ancestral territories in the American South, descendents of those tribes have created compelling literary works that have keptRead MoreThe Exploitation Of Black Labor Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesgives a title which the Courts of the conqueror cannot deny . . .† Id. In Johnson and similar cases, courts established whiteness as a prerequisite to the exercise of enforceable property rights. Id. at 1724. Not all first possession or labor gave rise to property rights; r ather, the rules of first possession and labor as a basis for property rights were qualified by race. Id. This fact infused whiteness with significance and value because it was solely through being white that property could beRead MoreThe Impact of the Indian Removal Act on Eastern Native American Tribes2203 Words   |  9 PagesPresident Jackson abused the rights provided to Native Americans under the act, which meant they were not given legal protection when they were being oppressed by white settlers or the government. The passage of the Indian Removal Act also led to the Trail of Tears, which led to the decimation of several eastern Native American tribes. President Jackson took action which extended beyond the power given to him by the Indian Removal Act and infringed upon the rights given to Native Americans under the legislation

Roman Expansion And Development Of The Roman Empire

Born around the want for Roman expansion and development, the military in Rome was created, first as a citizen-based power with close to no funding from the government or any cultural influence, and soon evolved into one of the major portions of life in Rome as well as changing into a well-trained and completely funded force; the change also brought a shift in cultural interests and a rise in military popularity with an introduction of funding, not only from the government, but also through the aristocratic class. As the growth of these overwhelmingly and increasingly strong forces came to be, there also came the creation of different forces within the Roman Empire, all with different roles that contributed to such a well-rounded strength being created. The intense growth of Rome throughout its period of reign can be attributed almost entirely to these forces. Economic aid played one of the largest roles in the increase of conquest and importance of warfare in the Roman Empire throu ghout its history of growth. Originally, the Roman army was citizen funded and citizen run, resembling a more militia-like complex than the complexity of a state run army. Although this was true, the organization level that was in place was very specific and fine-tuned which allowed for the versatility of the army as well as the safety and power behind it. During this pre-industrial age that was the Roman Empire, the grand majority of the citizens worked land as the means of life which createdShow MoreRelatedGovernment Of Roman Republic And Modern Government Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment of Roman Republic The government of Roman Republic was certainly a precursor of modern government. Social class played a vital role in the beginning of Republics. Whether a person was a wealthy patrician or common plebeian decided what role he can play in the government. Consuls stayed above Senate. Senate made decisions on spending, taxation and relationship with foreign powers. Last there was the Assembly, which continued to change the rules and rights. Roman society and its politicsRead MoreAncient Greeks And The Roman Empire1085 Words   |  5 Pagesadvances in art, poetry and technology. Despite these advances Greece finally fell to the Romans in the Battle of Corinth in circa 146 B.C. and was established as a Province of the Roman Empire. This occupation, by the Empire of Rome inside of Greece was a symbolic moment of their history. The Romans witnessed the success of Greece and evidence suggests that the Romans adopted the Greek culture into their Empire with some minor changes. From a soci al science perspective evidence seems to suggest thatRead MoreFall Of The Roman Empire Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: Jesse R. Allen HIST 115 12/11/2016 â€Æ' Rome, once a city-state with conquests on Asia-Minor, Afria, Corsica, Spain, and Sarinina had become a ruling empire in the Mediterranean by 150BCE (Ridley, The Fall of the Roman Republic 2016). This dominant empire remained on power for many centuries and came to an end in a few mere decades. By the turn of the 5th century, the western empire, functionality of this empire had ceased to work while its eastern counterpartRead MoreThe Pax Romana Era Was A Time Of Peace And Prosperity Throughout1618 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the Roman empire. This era benefitted Rome in varying aspects of everyday life, including architecture, establishing social structures, both political and in home life, uniting the nation through religion and Christian teachings, expanding borders, creating places for worship and entertainment, and establishing a successful subsistence strategy led by agriculture. When looking at the Pax Romana era and how it was the most beneficial time in the success of the Roman Empire, these importantRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1611 Words   |  7 PagesRome was an empire with extremely high aspirations and expectations from. Its founders chose to steal women from neighboring villages, in order to grow its population. These aggressive and expansionary ideologies remained within the personalities of every Roman, living inside the great empire 755 years later. And yet despite its vast military presence and growing cities and towns, the Roman Empire and its capital still succumbed to a barbarian takeover. This was widely regarded as one of the greatestRead MoreGreek and Roman civilizations1262 Words   |  6 Pagesmany great empires, but none have made a greater impact than the Greek and Roman empires. These empires began as small city-states, and grew to become the powerful empires we know today. The Greek and Roman empires were not always enemies, considering the Romans were greatly influenced by the Greek culture. The two civilizations sh ared many similarities, but had different opinions on government operations. There are three different periods that span the history of the Greek and Roman empires; the HellenicRead MoreEssay on The Rise and Fall of The Roman Empire1033 Words   |  5 Pagesthe greatest and most predominant empires ever built that controlled and reined over much of the entire continent of Europe is known as the Roman Empire. The Romans were beyond the most tactical and strategic army, and obtained the most authoritative military control throughout ancient history. The Roman Empire was not only a militia of brute force and authority, but their political systems also were amongst the most developed and functional governances. The Romans contained a civic virtue, which wasRead MoreHis112The Roman Republic And Imperial Rome Matrix Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material The Roman Republic and Imperial Rome Matrix Complete the matrix below by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. The table includes one example. Civilization Cultural Developments Political Developments Economic Developments Roman Republic 509–27 BCE As the Romans traveled on many conquests they came in contact with some highly developed cultures, especially the Greek lifestyleRead MoreRoman Empire And The Han Dynasty Contrast912 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Empire and the Han Dynasty Contrast Rise of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire is still known today as one of history’s most powerful period. Rome government had stick rules and policies. The Roman government at this point was known as the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was controlled by the roar Rome. Bureaucracy was ran throughout the region, but Rome did not want this nor could they afford it. However, they did allow small cities to run a lower level of government. The exerciseRead MoreThe Roman Empire890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word â€Å"Roman† is uttered my brain quickly references the many history books and movies that depict the mighty Romans one dimensionally. They commonly portray the Roman as bronze, muscular, overly macho men who are quick to the sword. In part, the literature we have read in this course has reinforced this idea. The stories in texts like Plutarch s Lives, Suetonius’s The Twelve Caesars, and Connolly’s Ancient City to some extent help perpetuate this idea of the Roman ch aracter. The Roman qualities

IT Governance Frameworks managing their Significant Development

Questions: 1.Does your host company have in place a formal IT Governance framework? Some clues as to its existence might be that there is a Corporate Governance or IT Governance policy document; the corporate intranet might contain references to governance. Structures may exist, at higher levels that are the decision making bodies and which control activities in the company for all levels through delegated authority.Describe your findings and compare them with those of at least 2 other classmates? 2.Describe a situation in your internship, or previous work, where you have taken account of compliance (legislation) in fulfilling your ICT task, and why. If you have not already experienced such situation, describe a situation in your internship where you will need to take account of Australian legislation in fulfilling your ICT task, and why? Answers: 1. IT governance is one process that ensures effective and efficient use of IT within any organization that helps the organization in achieving their goals and targets involved within their system architecture and organizational structure. This is found that the host company related to convenient experiences I have, have been using IT governance frameworks for managing their significant development aspects and functional operations for maintaining their organizational presence within the target market (Baker and Bourne 2014). Additionally, this is also found that the IT governance framework have different important segments such as policies and frameworks. Some of the organizations maintain their operational excellences with respect to the policies that are implemented within organizations and some of the organizations build decision making bodies those prioritizes the control activities of these IT governance framework for managing significant development of system architecture and functionalities within their organization. Comparison: This part needs other assignments of students 2. There are various IT governance frameworks that are implemented within the organizational structure of any organization for managing IT related legislations within their organizational structure and culture. Such as development of ERP solutions and providences of these solutions to the other organizations and respected clients fall under specific IT governance framework for managing different segments and functionalities within IT governance policies involved within any organization (Rebollo et al. 2015). The ERP implementation is developed based information technology governance methodology that requires six components: strategy selection of ERP implementation, behavioral functionality measurement of users of ERP solutions and ERP related accountability within organizations. Therefore, these are included within the IT governance framework for the concerned organization implementing ERP solutions within their clients organizations. References Baker, M. and Bourne, M., 2014. A governance framework for the idea-to-launch process: Development and application of a governance framework for new product development.Research-Technology Management,57(1), pp.42-48. Rebollo, O., Mellado, D., Fernndez-Medina, E. and Mouratidis, H., 2015. Empirical evaluation of a cloud computing information security governance framework.Information and Software Technology,58, pp.44-57.

Aristotles’ Philosophy of Man †Self-Realization Essay Example

Aristotles’ Philosophy of Man – Self-Realization Essay Aristotles’ Philosophy of Man – Self-Realization Brief History about Aristotle Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle wrote a lot covering subjects which include physics, metaphysics, theater, poetry, music, linguistics, rhetoric, logic, politics, ethics and biology. His writings were among the first to be considered a comprehensive system of Western philosophy encompassing logic, morality, politics and metaphysics. Along with Socrates and Plato, Aristotle is one of the most important founding individuals in Western philosophy. Aristotle’s father was in the medical profession. This perhaps made an impact on Aristotle as his philosophy laid its principal stress on biology unlike Plato whose emphasis is on mathematics. â€Å"Aristotle regarded the world as made up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kind (species). Each individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and direction are thus built into nature. Although science studies general kinds, according to Aristotle, these kinds find their existence in particular individuals. Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between, the claims of empiricism (observation and sense experience) and formalism (rational deduction). ?One of the most distinctive of Aristotles philosophic contributions was a new notion of causality. Self-Realization Explained Merriam Websters dictionary defines self-realization as â€Å"the fulfillment by oneself of the possibilities of ones character or personality. † The theory of self-realization is that a life of excellence is based on the actualization of human potentialities. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotles’ Philosophy of Man – Self-Realization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotles’ Philosophy of Man – Self-Realization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotles’ Philosophy of Man – Self-Realization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In psychology, this is called self-development. † Oftentimes, we interchangeably use the following: self-realization = self-development = self-actualization The basic premise of self-realization is that there exists an authentic self which has to be discovered by psychological or spiritual self-striving. Self-realization can be gradual or instantaneous phenomena depending on the school of thought but in all cases it involves extensive preparation of mind and emotions to recognize self-realization when it occurs. Self-realization is a maturing of the ego or personality to accept its own evanescence and thus allow space for the true Self to reveal itself. The moon veiled by clouds is an apt metaphor for the Selfs apparent absence in our everyday lives. The dissolution of the egos obsessive, internal pre-occupations with its psycho-somatic complexes frees the psyches energy to directly experience Reality of the world as it is, free of any assumptions. Eastern Philosophy For the Hindu religion, self-realization (atma-jnana) is knowledge of the true self beyond both delusion and identification with material phenomena. Thoughts on Aristotle’s Theory Aristotle felt that to fully be a man, one must imitate the gods, or immortalize themselves. This will free one from the restrictions of mortal thought. According to Aristotle â€Å"man possesses a natural want for knowledge. Immortalizing oneself aides the desire for knowledge and self-realization. Self-realization leads to happiness. † We can find similar theories in modern day psychologists like Maslow. In his theory of hierarchy of needs, Maslow places self-actualization as the last achievement before reaching true happiness. One issue raised against the ethics of self-realization is that life is not long enough to actualize all our potentials or be â€Å"all that we can be. † The challenge is to live significantly and meaningfully in the here and now, and to matter to people around you. For example, you have the capacity to give each person in Metro Manila a flyer on recycling but it is doubtful that this capacity is one that ought to be developed. Moreover, every year on a particular agreed date, cyclists or bikers all over the country use their bike in an attempt to achieve a feat in the Guinness Book of World Records. From the preceding paragraph, we now ask which capacities should one develop? It is said that we must become intimately, passionately, subjectively aware of everything about our existence. One has to take the leap of faith that full living requires to make yourself vulnerable to all that can happen. Three perspectives in on which capacities should be developed 1. Variety pattern of self-realization: becoming a well-rounded person, learning and doing a little of everything. 2. Dominant theme pattern: concentrate on one major interest and build other interests around it. . Maximum fulfillment of desires: people are born (naturalism) with innate purposes, ends, and goals, and excellence is achieved by fulfilling these natural human wants. We now posit the ideal of self-realization: the maximally coherent system of mutually harmonious fulfillment, either of the Variety or Dominant Theme Pattern, depending upon one’s personality and abilities. Another thing to consider is that the activities we do should be consistent with society and the activities do us no harm.? Carl Rogers’ definition of a full-functioning person runs along the statement that any experience, emotional, perceptual, or rational, should be consistent and congruent with the person’s concept of who he is. † In sum, self-actualization is a process of discovering important needs and goals, both personal and social, finding creative and enjoyable ways of meeting these goals this is the way the individual attains significance. Self-Realization in Business Today Self-realization is defined as the drive to become what one is capable of at his or her fullest potential, often-aligned in management parlance with self- fulfillment. The self-realized person is characterized as having a high level of self-knowledge, an integrated personality that allows for self-expression, an acceptance and tolerance of human nature, and a greater awareness of the human condition. The actualization of personal moral ideals affects participation in socially useful and ethically acceptable work. Simms, Michele. Self–Realization. Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society: â€Å"The discussion of self-realization, with its roots in humanistic psychology, suggests that the concept be examined at a deeper level to fully realize its role in informing business ethics and society. For one, humanistic psychology emphasizes the role of personal change in self-discovery and in the identifying of ones place in society. There is a continuing need to remind business and society of the dignity and worth of being human—something that gets lost in the day-to-day machinations of doing business. In a broader sense, the question of what it means to be human is quite relevant at a time of assessing the impacts of corporate megamergers and multinational and transnational companies, which can leave employees feeling disenfranchised, adding to the feelings of alienation. Maintaining self-realization as part of management and business practice keeps the focus on human capital as a resource that benefits business and society. Second, the role of self-realization in workplace autonomy, creativity, and innovation suggests that managers understand that people are not only productive assets but also social beings. There is recognition that employee performance is related to employee achievement of personal effectiveness. The conditions that lead to peak performance and peak experience, associated with high-performing teams and effective leadership, are part of the operationalizing of self-realizing individuals. Third, inherent in the work of self-realizing is the articulation of those virtues that comprise and guide ones ethical choices. Entering into an understanding of ones own potential reveals the larger network of relationships that has shaped ones worldview. For example, a persons religion, family, ethnic, and cultural affiliations influence and shape his or her attitudes to and behaviors comprising right and wrong. This is not an abstract reality; rather, it shapes the strategic choices that culminate in daily business operations. Since business does not function independent of its social environment, the actions that result from self-realized individuals inform the social contract. Finally, self-realization is often linked to transformation. Transformation occurs when ordinary perspectives shift and the person gains new insights and self-understanding. Self-realization as a transformative process is about how a person can reach his or her fullest potential and how that potential translates as service to society. Todays social entrepreneurs and social venture partners are examples. Noted as part of the citizen sector movement committed to closing the business-social gap, social entrepreneurs and social venture partners bring entrepreneurial talent to the addressing of social problems. The need for a strong ethical fiber is cited as a necessary ingredient to the success of these ventures. Self-realization is about ones own authenticity and values and how those values influence ones daily ethical approach to business transactions. This is in contrast, and perhaps an antidote, to the excessive greed and egoism evident in many corporate organizations today.

Free Essays on The Bauhaus

Ideologies The school had three aims since the beginning that remained basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed considerably. The first aim of the school was to bring art forms together in order for the art to find themselves, to promote the individual art styles and craftsmen to bring their work and skills together as one. Secondly, the school set out to raise the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc. and bring it to the same level as that of artistic products like paintings and sculptures. The third aim was to preserve contact with manufacturing leaders in an attempt to eventually achieve independence from government support by selling their designs to businesses. With these three main goals at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely. The Bauhaus is one of the most important Design Movements in the 20th century. This movement took place in Weimar Republic of Germany during the 1920's and the early 1930's. The Weimar Republic is considered one of the birthplaces of the Modern Movement in architecture and design. The Bauhaus was founded by an architect named Walter Gropius. Gropius came from the Werkbund movement, which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School, which was established by Van De Velde. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make modern artists familiar with science and economics. Modern materials such as plastic and chrome were used in this new era. This began to unite a creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to... Free Essays on The Bauhaus Free Essays on The Bauhaus Ideologies The school had three aims since the beginning that remained basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed considerably. The first aim of the school was to bring art forms together in order for the art to find themselves, to promote the individual art styles and craftsmen to bring their work and skills together as one. Secondly, the school set out to raise the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc. and bring it to the same level as that of artistic products like paintings and sculptures. The third aim was to preserve contact with manufacturing leaders in an attempt to eventually achieve independence from government support by selling their designs to businesses. With these three main goals at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely. The Bauhaus is one of the most important Design Movements in the 20th century. This movement took place in Weimar Republic of Germany during the 1920's and the early 1930's. The Weimar Republic is considered one of the birthplaces of the Modern Movement in architecture and design. The Bauhaus was founded by an architect named Walter Gropius. Gropius came from the Werkbund movement, which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School, which was established by Van De Velde. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make modern artists familiar with science and economics. Modern materials such as plastic and chrome were used in this new era. This began to unite a creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to...

Toxicology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Toxicology - Essay Example Although, more often the size of the solute particles is larger than what can easily cross the biomembranes. In that case, there are carrier proteins that bind with the solute and transport them across the membrane. This is known as facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, the carrier proteins are embedded in the membrane. They bind with the biomolecules and change their shape which results in translocation of the molecules to the other side of membrane. In a biochemical system, there is frequently need of transporting biomolecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient. It can be thought of as uphill movement of molecules and it requires energy. The energy used can be chemical in nature as from ATP in various protein pumps or electrochemical due to difference of electrochemical potential across the membrane. As illustrated by Jack H. Kaplan (2002), an example of active transport pump is Sodium/ Potassium ATPase that uses energy from ATP breakdown to transport ions across

Explain what could have gone wrong at GM over the years, with respect Essay

Explain what could have gone wrong at GM over the years, with respect to quality, to have caused this crisis - Essay Example Several factors played a role that resulted to the crisis that led to General motors ultimately losing out its position as the world number one in auto manufacturing. These factors include union relationships that led ion the differentials in payroll between some of the foreign transplants and general motors, legacy in some costs and programs within the job banks. Other factors include poor strategies in management and decision-making in the development of products and the gap issues in qualities between the general motors automobiles and what its competitors produce. Finally, a major crisis developed from the foreign competitors through importation of automobiles from japan, manipulation of currency by the Japanese government and the foreign transplant in the United States (Klein 2000). General motors for many years has made several strategic errors. As it has been noted, general motors builds automobile in Asia, Europe and some south American countries as the market power demanded it, but they resisted in building small automobiles in the united states. The company did not fully come to understand the relative importance of building such automobiles its market. Therefore, this caused the general motors to try to dominate the small segment in the market attributed to the overall cost incurred and the profit margins in building smaller vehicles as compared to the larger ones. Their main competitors who are mainly the Japanese Toyota company were in a better position since they were well prepared to gaining a foothold in the United States market where they were to make significant growth and expand to even more segments in the market. More problems emerged in the nineties when general motors started manufacturing electric cars just to come and completely scrap the project and destroying all of its vehicles since the company felt that the project

Multilingual communities: Effects of code switching

Multilingual communities: Effects of code switching In multilingual communities, code-switching is a widespread phenomenon that happens from daily life and workplaces to classrooms in which specific languages have been instituted as the official languages of instruction. Malaysia is one of the nations that have multilingual communities that consists of three main races; Malay, Chinese and Indians. From 1957 to 1967, language was used as an important tool in order to achieve unity and Bahasa Malaysia becomes the national language. Previously, English was compulsory in all schools especially the vernacular schools and due to the lack of English educators at that time, the idea was off the hook. In 1967, English language status was removed but it was still used nationwide. 1.1 Background of Problem In 1956, the Education Review Committee aimed to establish multicultural education systems that support other languages since Malaysia have multilingual communities and English becomes part of it. Today, English had becomes an international language and unofficially second language in Malaysia since most people used it. English as a second language status in Malaysia has been complemented through wide use of English in the social setting as well as the education setting. Teaching of English has been greatly emphasised by the government through its ministry. Due to this matter, the declining level of English proficiency among students has brought about the need to find out how to tackle the issue. Teachers, consequently, have been employing code switching as a means of providing students with the opportunities to communicate and enhancing students understanding. Furthermore, code switching helps to facilitate the flow of classroom instruction since the teachers do not have to spend so much time trying to explain to the learners or searching for the simplest words to clarify any confusion that might arise. Code-switching should not be considered as a sign of shortcoming in the teacher. Instead, it is a careful strategy employed by the teachers. Code-switching should be allowed whenever necessary with some learners in specific situations. Richard (1985) suggests that code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to replacement between two or more languages in a single conversation, stretch of discourse, or utterances between people who have more than one language in common. Speakers of more than one language are known for their ability to code switch or mix their language during communication. This phenomenon occurs when the speaker substitutes a word or phrase from one language to a phrase or word from another language. Ayeomoni (2006) claims that many educators have attempted to define the term code switching and each understand the concepts from different points of view. Gumperz (1982) defined code-switching as the use of more than one code or language in the course of a single speech event, taken to refer to teacher utterances in the classroom. In other words, the teachers use code-switching in order to convey meanings to the students. Besides that, Numan and Carter (2001) stated that code switching as a pheno menon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse (p. 275). Appel Musyken (1987) mentioned that code switching can be divided into two categories which are intrasentential and intersentential. Intrasentential is a switch that occurs in the middle of a sentence. It was also known as code mixing. For example, my girlfriend suka ice cream. The word Suka means like in the Malay language. The real sentence is My girlfriend likes ice cream. A word from the Malay language is replaced by an English word in a sentence. The later is a switch of language that happens between sentences. A suitable example is I got an A for my drawing, awak macam mana, Farid?. Awak macam mana means what about you. The exact sentence should be I got an A for my drawing, what about you, Farid?. The first sentence uses English and the later is in Bahasa Malaysia. There is one more type of code switching which is extrasentential as introduces by Hamers and Blanc (1989), extrasentential switches include tags and fillers. An excellent example of a local extrasentential code switching that close to our culture is Later lah. Lah is a particle widely used by Malaysians and Singaporean in their speech. Holmes (2008) stated that the particle Lah is used to show intimacy or solidarity in a relationship. So, the term code switching in this study is the use of two languages within a sentence or between sentences. Intrasentential refers to the switch that occurs within a sentence while intersentential points to switches between sentences. Last but not least, extrasentential refers to the tags and fillers that do not exist in the word list of the language used. Statement of Research Problem Malaysian learners needs to become proficient English users in order to access knowledge and information available in English as well as to be able to communicate successfully, thus suggesting the important position the students may hold in the future. But before they can get to the targeted proficiency level, definitely they must get used to the English language itself. Since English acts as a second language in Malaysia, the lack of exposure is the pivotal factor that will hinders the students to become proficient in English. Thus, classroom instructions are the most valuable experience for learners because of the limited exposures to sufficient comprehensible input from the natural environment they might get. Therefore, in order to raise they proficiency level, they must gain sufficient comprehensible input. It means the students have to gain understanding towards what they learnt before thinking about raising the proficiency level. This is where a strategy to help them learn English as a second language must be applied by teachers. Code switching is a form of strategy that will solve these problems. It helps to facilitate the flow of classroom instruction since the teachers do not have to spend so much time trying to explain to the learners or searching for the simplest words to clarify any confusion that might arise. Teachers code switch when th e level of English used in the textbook or to be taught is beyond the learners ability or when the teachers have exhausted the means to adjust his speech to the learners level. Research Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate code switching in the teaching of English as a second language to secondary school students. There are several factors which are vital in determining the effectiveness of this study. Objectives of the study: To investigate the attitudes of teachers towards code switching The attitudes of teachers towards code switching The types of code switching Function of code switching in instruction Research Questions In more details, this study will answer the following question: What do teachers think about code switching in the English classroom? Do English teachers code switch in the English classroom? What types of code switching occur in the classroom? What is the function of code switching? Definition of Terms Specifically in this study, there are several terms which are used throughout the whole study, thus it is necessary to provide the definition of these terms for better understanding as well as reference to readers. The terms are: Learning It can be described simply as mental activity that includes receiving, storing, retrieving and using knowledge. This process requires interest and often demands effort. It depends heavily on memory process. Distance Learning It can be defined as formal education process in which the majority of the instruction occurs when students and instructors are not in the same place. It is a two way between teacher and students who are separated by a geographical distance and time where the communication support the educational process. Adult learners Individuals who are experienced, financially independent, working full time while enrolled in a learning programme, have other responsibilities and enrolled in the learning programme on their will. They are also experienced, achievement oriented, highly motivated, relatively independent and also required a degree of independence in learning. In this study, adult learners refer to adult students enrolling in PJJ Programme in Faculty of Education, UiTM Shah Alam. Intrinsic motivation Intrinsically motivated actions is that which occurs for its own sake, action for which the only rewards are the spontaneous affects and cognitions that accompany it. Intrinsically motivated behaviors require no external supports or reinforcements for their sustenance. Extrinsic motivation It refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external or outside, rewards such as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide. Institutional barriers It can be defined as structural in nature as those barriers erected by organization that provide learning opportunities for adults or all practices and procedures that exclude or discourage working adults from participating in educational activities. Situational barriers It can be defined as problem that arises from ones situation in life at a given time. Dispositional barriers It can be defined as attitudes or self perception about one self as learners. PJJ students It can be defined as part time students who come to class on every weekend and most of them are adult learners who are working. Significance This study is apparently one of the first few attempts to investigate the code switching in the teaching of English as a second language to secondary school trainee English teachers in Mara University of Technology, at Malacca City Campus. Therefore, this study may provide a useful launching pad for further research in this area of interest towards teachers from other states. The findings of this study could provide some data for future research in this area. It could perhaps also help in the more effective teaching strategy in the teaching of English as a second language to secondary school students as code switching can be considered as one the teaching strategy. Limitations This study was conducted in Mara University of Technology, at Malacca City Campus and due to this matter; the results will not be the generalization of the whole population of English trainee teachers nationwide. CHAPTER TWO THE LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Alternation between languages in the form of code switching is a widely observed phenomenon in foreign language classrooms. Numan and Carter briefly define the term as a phenomenon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse (2001:275). Following this definition, discourse will be handled as the students and teachers naturally occurring language use in classroom settings throughout this paper. Additionally, the languages between which alternation is performed are the native language of the students, and the foreign language that students are expected to gain competence in. While putting the phenomenon of code switching in context, the functions of code switching will be introduced in various aspects. Firstly, its function in bilingual community settings will briefly be explained by giving a sample authentic conversation which will help the reader deduce ideas about its possible applications in educational contexts. Secondly, the functionality of code switching in teachers classroom discourse will be introduced with its aspects as: topic switch, affective functions, and repetitive functions. Thirdly, the focus will shift to students code switching by introducing some basic functional perspectives as: equivalence, floor holding, reiteration, and conflict control. Lastly, weak and strong sides of code switching in foreign language classrooms will be discussed with a critical approach. This chapter outlines past research on code switching especially the main factor contributing the attitudes of teachers in the use of code switch, types and functions of code switching used in the classroom. This chapter will provide a clear idea of how code switching plays role in second language learning from the perspective of previous researches and the findings from past studies. 2.1 Theoretical Background Multilingual communities have the tendency to switch code either with or without their consciousness and Malaysia is a good example of a community that practice code switching. People sometimes switch code varied within a domain or social situation. For example, when there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the arrival of a new person, it is the obvious reason why people switch code. In most cases, a speaker may similarly switch to another language as a signal group of membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee. The code switch occurs from the first language to the second language or vice versa. In addition, switches motivated by the identity and relationship between the participants often express a move to show solidarity and it may also referred as the status relations between people or the formality of their interaction. The main focus here is to examine code switching in the field of education, in other words, the correlation between code switch and English t eacher in school especially in secondary school. In order to gain a better insight into code switch and it roles in terms of education, the main concern should be focused on the fundamental concept of code switching. According to Marasigan (1983), the use of two languages in the same discourse is referred to as code-switching. Ayeomoni (2006) stated that many scholars have attempted to define the term code switching and each understands the concept from different points of view. A search of the Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts database in 2005 shows more than 1,800 articles on the subject published in virtually every branch of linguistics. However, despite this variation or perhaps in part because of it, scholars do not seem to share a definition of the term. A useful definition of code switching for sociocultural linguistic analysis should recognize it as an alternation in the form of communication. It also signals a context in which the linguistic contribution can be understood. The context so signaled may be very local (such as the end of a turn at talk), very general (such as positioning), or anywhere in between. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that this signaling is accomplished by the action of participants in a particular interaction. That is to say, it is not necessary or desirable to spell out the meaning of particular code switching behavior. Rather, code switching is accomplished by parties in interaction, and the meaning of t heir behavior emerges from the interaction. This is not to say that the use of particular linguistic forms has no meaning, and that speakers make it up as they go. Individuals remember and can call on past experiences of discourse. These memories form part of a language users understanding of discourse functions. Therefore, within a particular setting certain forms may come to reappear frequently. Nonetheless, it is less interesting (for the current author at least, and probably for the ends of sociocultural linguistic analysis) to track the frequency or regularity of particular recurrences than to understand the effect of linguistic form on discourse practice and emergent social meanings. In earlier studies, Bokamba (1989) suggests that code switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within a speech event (p. 279). The term code switching (or, as it is sometimes written, code-switching or code switc h) is broadly discussed and used in linguistics and a variety of related fields. Code mixing on the other hand, is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from two grammatical (sub) systems within the same utterance and speech event (p. 279). Numan and Carter (2001) define code switching as a phenomenon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse (p. 275). To recapitulate, code switching is a practice of parties in discourse to signal changes in context by using alternate grammatical systems or subsystems, or codes. The mental representation of these codes cannot be directly observed, either by analysts or by parties in interaction. Rather, the analyst must observe discourse itself, and recover the salience of a linguistic form as code from its effect on discourse interaction. The approach described here understands code switching as the practice of individuals in particular discourse settings. Therefore, it cannot specify broad functions of language alternatio n, nor define the exact nature of any code prior to interaction. Codes emerge from interaction, and become relevant when parties to discourse treat them as such. In a more recent publication, Unanumo (2008) regards code switching as the use of more than one language in a conversation. Appel and Musyken (1987) suggest that code switching can be categorized as intrasentential or intersentential. Intrasentential is a switch of languages which occurs in the middle of a sentence. This type of switching is often called code mixing. An example of a Malaysian intrasentential switch is My youngest sister ambil Biology. Ambil means take in the Malay language. The sentence should be My youngest sister takes (studies) Biology. A Malay word is embedded in an English sentence. Intersentential, on the other hand, is a switch of language which occurs between sentences. An example of intersentential would be I quit all my jobs already. Christie tak beritahu?. Tak beritahu means did not tell. The sentence should read Christie did not tell you? The second sentence uses the Malay language while the former is in English. Poplack (1980, as cited in Hamers and Blanc, 1989) introduces extrasentential switches which include tags and fillers. These would also include an exclamation a parenthetical statement or particle from another language. An example of a local extrasentential switch is Nothing lah. Lah is a particle widely used by Malaysians in their colloquial speech. McArthur (1998) describes the multi-purpose lah as a token especially of informal intimacy and solidarity. Such a particle also exists in the Singaporean variety of English. Wee (2003) explains that it is typically found in clause-final position. It is monosyllabic and used for discourse pragmatic functions. The term code switching in this study adopts Clynes definition (Clyne, 2000) as the alternate use of two languages either within a sentence or between sentences. Intrasentential in this study refers to switches within a sentence while intersentential refers to switches between sentences. Extrasentential refer to tags and fillers which do not exist in the lexicon of the base language used. 2.2 Attitudes of Teachers in the use of Code Switch Within the world of languages use, code-switching has often been perceived as being of lower status, a strategy used by weak language performers to compensate for language deficiency. This view of code-switching and bilingual talk in general is more normatively based than research-based as pointed by Lin( 1996) who added that such a view conveys little more than the speaker or writers normative claims about what counts as standard or legitimate language. An extensive body of literature studies reported that code switching in classrooms not only just normal but useful tool of learning. Cook (2001) referred to code switching in the classroom as a natural response in a bilingual situation. Furthermore, in the same study, Cook considered the ability to go from one language to another is highly desirable not only among learners but teachers. Moreover, in eliciting teachers reflections to their classroom teachings, Probyn (2010) noticed that most notable strategy that teachers used was cod e switching to achieve a number of communicative and metalinguistic ends. Cooks studies were mainly in the second language classroom context. Rollnick and Rutherfords (1996) studied the science classrooms and found the use of learners main languages to be a powerful means for learners to explore their ideas. They argue that without the use of code switching, some students alternate conceptions would remain unexposed. Amin (2009) mentioned about the recognition to switch codes goes beyond switching between languages; it also recognizes the value of using the vernacular which believes to allow students to draw on useful sense-making resources. Cook (2001) stated that researchers see by using code switching in the classroom as a legitimate strategy (p. 105). Skiba (1997) added that no matter how it might be disruptive during a conversation to the listener, it still provides an opportunity for language development. However, historically, researchers believe that code switching occurred in many countries, which made Ferguson (2003) to conclude that ideological and conceptual sources of suspicion all often attached to classroom code-switching, suggesting that deep rooted attitudes may not be easy to change. Cheng and Butler (1989) list the following as some of the motives a speaker may have to code switch: conversational topic, role of the speaker, setting of the interaction, familiarity of the two speakers, age, sex, race, ethnic, linguistic background, etc (p. 295). Wardhaugh (2006) stated that, when done consciously, switching languages may also allow a speaker to assert power; declare solidarity; maintain certain neutrality when both codes are used; express identity; and so on (p.110). For example, if a group of bilingual Malay-English speakers are conversing in both Bahasa Malaysia and English and a monolingual, Malay speaker enters the conversation, the group will most likely begin speaking only Bahasa Malaysia, in order to allow the monolingual to participate in the conversation, thereby expressing their solidarity with the monolingual. Or, if the bilingual group wishes to assert linguistic power over the monolingual, they might continue speaking only in English to exclude him or her. Unfortunately, code-switching is often wrongly misinterpreted as evidence of a lack of a linguistic ability of the speaker or deterioration of one or both languages. However, sociolinguistic research confirms that code-switching plays an important role in social functions, and does not necessarily indicate linguistic incompetence. So, the main concern here is reasons of code switching used by the English teachers during their lessons in the classroom. In order to discuss further into this matter, the scope will be correlated with the roles of English teachers in the English language classroom. English as a second language status in Malaysia has been agreed through wide use of English in the social setting as well as the education setting. Teaching of English has been greatly emphasized by the government through its ministry. In classroom practice, teachers have been instructed to teach by using high quality English in the classrooms. The second or foreign language learning can only accept the presence of high quality input in the classroom for learners acquisition. Cook (2001) stated that all language classroom input must be in the target language, an effective model of language use can ensure that the intended learning was successful. Classroom instructions, therefore, are the most valuable experience for learners because of the limited exposures to sufficient comprehensible input from their natural environment. Hence, the decreasing level of English proficiency among students is the main reason to the need in finding out how to tackle this issue. Teachers have been employing code switching as a means of providing students with the opportunities to communicate and enhancing students understanding. Furthermore, code switching helps to facilitate the flow of classroom instruction since the teachers do not have to spend so much time trying to explain to the learners or searching for the simplest words to help clearing the students understanding. According to Norrish (1997), teachers code-switch when the level of English used in the textbook or to be taught is beyond the learners ability or when the teachers have exhausted the means to adjust his speech to the learners level. 2.3 Types of Code Switching used in the Classroom Richard (1985) suggests that code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to replacement between two or more languages in a single conversation, stretch of discourse, or utterances between people who have more than one language in common. Speakers of more than one language are known for their ability to code switch or mix their language during communication. This phenomenon occurs when the speaker substitutes a word or phrase from one language to a phrase or word from another language. Ayeomoni (2006) claims that many educators have attempted to define the term code switching and each understand the concepts from different points of view. Gumperz (1982) defined code-switching as the use of more than one code or language in the course of a single speech event, taken to refer to teacher utterances in the classroom. In other words, the teachers use code-switching in order to convey meanings to the students. Besides that, Numan and Carter (2001) stated that code switching as a pheno menon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse (p. 275). Appel Musyken (1987) mentioned that code switching can be divided into two categories which are intrasentential and intersentential. Intrasentential is a switch that occurs in the middle of a sentence. It was also known as code mixing. For example, my girlfriend suka ice cream. The word Suka means like in the Malay language. The real sentence is My girlfriend likes ice cream. A word from the Malay language is replaced by an English word in a sentence. The later is a switch of language that happens between sentences. A suitable example is I got an A for my drawing, awak macam mana, Farid?. Awak macam mana means what about you. The exact sentence should be I got an A for my drawing, what about you, Farid?. The first sentence uses English and the later is in Bahasa Malaysia. There is one more type of code switching which is extrasentential as introduces by Hamers and Blanc (1989), extrasentential switches include tags and fillers. An excellent example of a local extrasentential code switching that close to our culture is Later lah. Lah is a particle widely used by Malaysians and Singaporean in their speech. Holmes (2008) stated that the particle Lah is used to show intimacy or solidarity in a relationship. So, the term code switching in this study is the use of two languages within a sentence or between sentences. Intrasentential refers to the switch that occurs within a sentence while intersentential points to switches between sentences. Last but not least, extrasentential refers to the tags and fillers that do not exist in the word list of the language used. 2.4 Functions of Code Switching used in the Classroom Code switching has a variety of functions which vary according to the topic, people involved in conversation and the context where the conversation is taken place. Baker (2006) have discussed the topic of code switching from a sociolinguistics perspective, in which he listed twelve main purposes of code switching, which are relevant to bilinguals talks in general. Some of these functions can be observed in classroom environment and in relevance to teachers and students interactions. According to Baker (2006) code switching can be used to emphasize a particular point, to substitute a word in place of unknown word in the target language, to express a concept that has no equivalent in the culture of the other language, to reinforce a request, to clarify a point, to express identity and communicate friendship, to ease tension and inject humor into a conversation, and in some bilingual situations, code switching occurs when certain topics are introduced. In the substituting a word in anot her language, Man and Lu (2006) found that in Hong Kong schools, both teachers and students major reason for code switching was that there was no direct translation of words between English and Cantonese, additionally, the same study of Man and Lu found that teachers in Hong Kong schools use code switching also to ease tension and inject humor in to conversations. In a previous study, Eldridge (1996) has listed four purposes in which student code switching as equivalence, floor-holding, reiteration and conflict control. Equivalence which is a strategy that bilingual used to find the equivalent of the unknown lexicon of the target language in the speakers first language to overcome the deficiency in language competence in second language. The second purpose of code switching is for floor holding which is a technique used by bilingual students during conversing in the target language to fill in the stopgap with words in native language in order to maintain the fluency of the conversation. The third purpose of is reiteration, as it implies, it is emphasizing and reinforcing a message that has been transmitted firstly in the target language but then students rely on repeating the message in first language to convey to the teacher that the message is understood. The last function is conflict control, which is used to eliminate any misunderstanding when the accurate meaning of a word is not known in the communication. These researches shown that, the teachers and students used of code switching is not always performed consciously; which means that the teacher which is the main concern for this study is not always aware of the functions and outcomes of the code switching process. Therefore, in some cases it may be regarded as an automatic and unconscious behaviour. Nevertheless, either conscious or not, it necessarily serves some basic functions which may be beneficial in language learning environments. Mattson and Burenhult (1999) stated that all of these functions are listed as topic switch, affective functions, and repetitive functions. (p. 61). In order to have a general idea about these, it will be appropriate to give a brief explanation about each function. In topic switch cases, the teacher alters his/her language according to the topic that is under discussion. This is mostly observed in grammar instruction, that the teacher shifts his language to the mother tongue of his students in dealing with particular grammar points, which are taught at that moment. In these cases, the students attention is directed to the new knowledge by making use of code switching and accordingly making use of native tongue. At this point it may be suggested that a bridge from known (native language) to unknown (new foreign language content) is constructed in order to transfer the new content and meaning is made clear in this way as it is also suggested by Cole (1998): a teacher can exploit students previous L1 learning experience to increase their understanding of L2. In addition to the function of code switching named as topic switch, the phenomenon also carries affective functions that serve for expression of emotions. In this respect, code switching is used by the teacher in order to build solidarity and intimate relations with the students. In this sense, one may speak

Essay --

How Revolutionary Was the American Revolution? Revolution is briefly described as an attempt to overthrow a government to start a new one. The American Revolution took place between 1775 and 1783 and was a fight for American Independence from England. In 1764, the first of many â€Å"Intolerable Acts† were passed. The British Parliament began to excise tax on the American colonies without representation, sparking the great conflict. The British were continuing to incorporate new ways to make more money. England was the most powerful country at the time with an intimidating military, so this wasn’t a hard task to complete. The American Revolution was very Revolutionary because, it jump started the abolition of slavery, it brought about many political and social advances, and served as a stepping stone towards a democracy and a strong centralized government. The American Revolution was a â€Å"light at the end of the tunnel† for slaves, or at least some. African Americans played a huge part in the war for both sides. Lord Dunmore, a governor of Virginia, promised freedom to any slave that enlisted into the British army. Colonists’ previously denied enlistment to African American’s because of the response of the South, but hesitantly changed their minds in fear of slaves rebelling against them. The north had become to despise slavery and wanted it gone. On the contrary, the booming cash crops of the south were making huge profits for landowners, making slavery widely popular. After the war, slaves began to petition the government for their freedom using the ideas of the Declaration of Independence,† including the idea of natural rights and the notion that government rested on the consent of the governed.† (Keene 122). The north began to fr... ...le, Pennsylvania tried to keep voting rights limited to certain property requirements, but expanded it to any male taxpayer that has lived in the state for at least one year could vote. With each state drafting their own constitution, it was a spark for the newly independent colonies to start their own democracy and set of laws that the majority of Americans were happy with. In conclusion, the American Revolution was very revolutionary. It was a huge milestone in American history. The war not only gave America their own independence from the most powerful country in the world, it gave the American government the basis of how it runs today and brought about many social and political changes. Although many historians see the war as a change of power from one greedy power to another, Americans wouldn’t have a democracy and citizens wouldn’t have the rights they have.

Human Free Will and Gods Foreknowledge Essay

The argument of the compatibility and incompatibility of God’s foreknowledge and human free will have been going on for hundreds of years. Concerning the definition of freedom, to get a better understanding, can be described as an act that an individual can do freely without being restrained or force. Philosophers that are well known in this subject matter are Alvin Plantiga and Nelson Pike. Pike will argue that human freedom is incompatible with God’s foreknowledge based upon facts such as God being omniscient. Whereas, Plantiga argues that Pike’s theory is based upon confusion and that human free will can coexist with God’s foreknowledge. Let’s get in to the differences in predictability and God’s foreknowledge pertaining to free will to give a bit more understanding in the argument. Shook’s example is as follows, â€Å"What justification is available for our [predictability claim] that a wind-up toy, for example, my â€Å"Thomas the Train† toy, does not freely choose its behavior? † (Shook 142) This is to say that we as human beings can predict that this wind-up toy will move forward after we wind it up just as God might. However, this prediction is merely based on our knowledge of the past in using this toy. When we try to predict such an event, it has the possibility not working and we had no idea that this would happen, whereas, God would have predicted this as He is omniscient. It’s obvious in both of these arguments it is accepted that God is omniscient in all possible worlds. Pike states that â€Å"†¦ it is part of the essence of God to be omniscient†¦ any person who is not omniscient could not be the person we [call] God. † (Pojman & Rea 97) He goes on to point out that if this were false, in that any person can be called â€Å"God† if one was not omniscient, then we can call anyone God. Furthermore, this means to say that at any given time in the past, present or future an omniscient and existing God would know what would happen. This, I would argue is something that can be compatible with human freedom; In that if God believes, at a certain time (T1), that Peter will eat an orange (X) in the future T2 is necessarily true. At T2 Peter eats an apple (X2) will not go against the omniscience of God. God would have believed that at T2 it was with Peter’s free will that he will do X2. That is to say that, according to Plantiga,â€Å" It was within Peter’s power at T2 to do something that if he had done it,then God would not have held a belief that in fact he did hold. † (Pojman & Rea 110) Though Peter had two choices in either eating the orange or the apple the fact that God knows that he would have eaten the latter does not take away the freedom of Peter. Pike will argue that God will have known at a certain time (T1) that an event will be foreseen as soon as the human being is born such as T2. Pertaining to this situation Pike states, â€Å" †¦ if God held such a belief eighty years [T1] prior to [T2], Peter did not have the power on [T2] to do something that would have made it the case that God did not hold this belief eighty years later. † (Pojman & Rea 99) This fact goes on to say that it is with the omniscience of God that, no matter what, His belief will not have changed in between [T1] and [T2]. The argument can still be accepted in an statement made by St. Augustine, â€Å"†¦ it is not necessary to deny that God foreknows all things while at the same time our wills are our own. God has foreknowledge of our will, so that of which he has foreknowledge must come to pass. In other words, we shall exercise our will in the future because he has foreknowledge that we shall do so; and there can be no will or voluntary action unless it will be in our power. † (Hopkins 112) The argument here is that, even though God foreknows that Peter will eat the apple does not require Him to limit the humans free will; It was with knowledge and not restraint that Peter made his choice. Another claim that has to deal to this argument is that which Molina says, â€Å"†¦ it is not because God foreknows what He foreknows that men act as they do: it is because men act as they do that God foreknows what He foreknows. † (Pojman & Rea 102) Meaning that the reason why God foresees an event is based upon the action of the humans’ free will. This goes back to the differences in prediction and free will, however, now we are dealing with something other than an inanimate object. The differences in this claim are argued as follows by Shook, â€Å"If God possesses justified divine knowledge, his capacity for perfectly predicting future human actions is incompatible with the free will of alternative possibilities. † (Shook 157) For reasons already explained, it is impossible for God to have made a claim based on the consistency for his omniscient knowledge gave him the belief before the event occurred. This concept would be similar to me making a prediction of a friend who will wake up at five in the morning and take a shower every Tuesday because he is consistent in doing so. I can make this prediction, but it won’t be necessarily true. The consistency can always change, due to free will. To assume God’s cognitions to be similar is untrue. This would also be to say that if God’s beliefs are due to a humans freedom of will that, when the individual refrains from a certain action that he was going to do, that God’s belief is false. This cannot be true as well due to the acceptance of God’s omniscience. There is also a difference in free will and necessity too. An example can be that it is necessary for one to live by breathing which is arguably our will to do so. It is our will to live, therefore, we must breathe. Augustine explains further that, â€Å"†¦ if there is necessity there is no voluntary choice†¦ but rather fixed and unavoidable necessity. † (Pojman & Rea 101) This could be an argument that it is with necessary actions where God’s foreknowledge is indeed true. It is possible for us to not breathe, thus ending our life which is a necessary truth and God would foreknow as well. Molina writes, â€Å"He would foreknow the opposite if the opposite was to happen. † (Pojman & Rea) This argument coincides with the claim that was made above on the choices that were made by Peter. Pike is under the claim that it is incompatible for there to be human free will along with God’s foreknowledge. This is backed up by stating that God is omniscient and because of that the action by the human is not, in fact, under his will. Due to the belief of the event occurring before the time it does occur does not allow the human any other choices. This cannot be compared to anything that is predicted as it would falsify the omniscience of God. To compare the belief of a situation occurring to the prediction a human might make of a wind-up toy or close friend is also untrue as it would then allow for anyone to be called â€Å"God† because anyone is able to make such a prediction. The previous statement would negate that only an omniscient being can be called â€Å"God† since the human that can predict is not omniscient. The compatible claim of human free will and God’s foreknowledge is explained by Plantiga. He goes on to say that it is compatible as the person would have choices and be able to choose based on one’s own will. Explaining further that the foreknowledge of God does not require a restraint on the choice with which the human chooses. Whether or not the individual makes one choice over another God will still foresee it due to His omniscience, therefore, being an action of human free will. Though an action may be out of necessity (i. e.breathing) it is possible for us to still make another choice based on our own will. Works Cited Hopkins, Jasper. â€Å"Augustine On Foreknowledge And Free Will. † International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 8. 2 (1977): 111-126. ATLA Religion Database. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. Pojman, Louis & Rea, Michael. Philosophy of Religion. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2012 Shook, John. â€Å"God’s Divinely Justified Knowledge Is Incompatible With Human Free Will. â€Å"Forum Philosophicum: International Journal For Philosophy 15. 1 (2010): 141-159. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Nov. 2012.